专家点评|对“新证据下的现代人起源模型”一文的商榷
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导语:《人类学学报》2022年41卷第4期上发表了倪喜军的文章 “新证据下的现代人起源模型”引起了很大反响,黄石认为这篇文章在综述了现代人起源的各个模型以及一些新方法新发现的同时还存在一些片面性,特别是对现代人起源于东亚的学说有较深的误解,因此撰写了本文以讨论该文章所引发的一些争议。
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名称2
出东亚说倪文对我们团队提出的出东亚说进行了一定介绍,我们表示感谢,同时我们认为倪文的介绍有一些不准确的地方或误解。首先,我们团队是在2017年独立发现现代人起源自东亚[3],而不是如倪文所说是对Cavalli-Sforza团队1983年论文[4]进行了重新解读。我们的论文最早2017年发表版本没有引用Cavalli-Sforza团队1983年的论文,我们得知该论文是后来从一位斯坦福人类学博士German Dziebel针对我们论文的网上留言获知的(图1)。我们2017年的论文除了构建了起源自东亚的线粒体谱系树,也构建了起源自东亚的Y染色体谱系树,并研究了常染色体数据得出常染色体进化是符合多地区说的结论,但Cavalli-Sforza团队1983年论文只有线粒体工作。因此,我们的结论是来自独立研究,用的方法也不同,一个学说能被不同团队独立做出,通常是学说正确的有力证据。由于自1983年至今30多年来极少有研究者提及亚洲起源说或Cavalli-Sforza团队1983年论文的亚洲起源结论,导致大部分研究者(包括我们)事先并不知晓这个学说的存在。
图1 Yuan等人出东亚说文章2017年版本网页和相关网上留言截屏
3、变异最多的单倍型是祖先型,结论是非洲起源。这个方法假定了分子钟和中性理论,以及假定了遗传多样性还没有到达最大值,而这些假定都已经被证明是错误的[10]。
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多地区说4
出非洲说5
现代人与古老人的杂交6
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古DNA验证不同模型的预测倪文忽略了一个重要的对出非洲说不利的事实,古DNA至今也没有被出非洲说学派报道用来检验出非洲说的一个最简单最直接的预测:早期欧亚古人DNA应该主要是带有非洲人的基因,另外,他们也没有用古DNA来检验单亲染色体的非洲祖先单倍型到底是真实存在的还是主观臆想,个中原因值得深思。这类检验才是最有说服力的,不管是哪个起源说都得经得起这样的古DNA检验。我们团队利用古DNA已经证明了出东亚说的预测并证伪了出非洲说的预测[12,18]。而出非洲说学派仅是用古DNA与今天DNA进行合并构建了一个大数据进化谱系树[33],但统计方法所依赖的基本假定都是沿用出非洲说一直依赖的中性假定,假定不变,得出类似结论很正常,与验证出非洲说的预测是两码事。
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总结原文链接
Original Article
倪喜军.新证据下的现代人起源模型[J].人类学学报,2022, 41(4): 576-592
DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0028
参考文献
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人类学学报2022年第4期——庆祝创刊40周年学术专辑专家点评|学术研究需要严谨与质疑——读“新证据下的现代人起源模型”有感